Category 4

Nuclear-related other equipment, assemblies and components; test and production equipment; and related technology not controlled under Category 0

4A

Equipment, assemblies, components including test and production equipment

4A001

Flow-forming machines, spin-forming machines capable of flow-forming functions, and mandrels, as follows:

a.

For flow forming machines refer to 5A205.

b.

Spin forming machines having both of the following characteristics:

1.

Three or more rollers (active or guiding); and

2.

which can be equipped with ‘numerical control’ units or a computer control.

c.

Rotor-forming mandrels designed to form cylindrical rotors of inside diameter between 75 and 400 mm.

Note:

Item 4A001a and 4A001b include machines which have only a single roller designed to deform metal plus two auxiliary rollers which support the mandrel, but do not participate directly in the deformation process.

4A002

Machine tools, as follows, for removing or cutting metals, ceramics, or composites, which, according to the manufacturer’s technical specifications, can be equipped with electronic devices for simultaneous “contouring control” in two or more axes:

a.

Machine tools for turning, that have “positioning accuracies” with all compensations available better (less) than 6 µm along any linear axis (overall positioning) for machines capable of machining diameters greater than 35mm;

Note: Item 4A002a does not control bar machines, limited to machining only bar feed through, if maximum bar diameter is equal to or less than 42 mm and there is no capability of mounting chucks. Machines may have drilling and/or milling capabilities for machining parts with diameters less than 42 mm.

b.

Machine tools for milling, having any of the following characteristics:

1.

“Positioning accuracies” with all compensations available better (less) than 6 µm along any linear axis (overall positioning); or

2.

Two or more contouring rotary axes;

Note: Item 4A002b does not control milling machines having both of the following characteristics:

1.

X-axis travel greater than 2 m; and

2.

Overall “positioning accuracy” on the x-axis worse (more) than 30 µm.

c.

Machine tools for grinding, having any of the following characteristics:

1.

“Positioning accuracies” with all compensations available better (less) than 4 µm along any linear axis (overall positioning); or

2.

Two or more contouring rotary axes;

Note: Item 4A002c does not control grinding machines as follows:

1.

Cylindrical external, internal, and external-internal grinding machines having all the following characteristics:

a.

Limited to cylindrical grinding;

b.

A maximum work-piece outside diameter or length of 150 mm;

c.

Not more than two axes that can be coordinated simultaneously for “contouring control”; and

d.

No contouring c-axis;

2.

Jig grinders with axes limited to x, y, c, and a, where c-axis is used to maintain the grinding wheel normal to the work surface, and the a-axis is configured to grind barrel cams;

3.

Tool or cutter grinding machines with “software” specially designed for the manufacturing of tools or cutters;

4.

Crankshaft or camshaft grinding machines.

d.

Non-wire type Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM) that have two or more contouring rotary axes and that can be coordinated simultaneously for “contouring control”.

Note: Stated “positioning accuracy” levels derived under the following procedures from measurements made according to ISO 230/2 (1988) or national equivalents may be used for each machine tool model if provided to, and accepted by, national authorities instead of individual machine tests.

Stated “positioning accuracy” are to be derived as follows:

1.

Select five machines of a model to be evaluated;

2.

Measure the linear axis accuracies according to ISO 230/2 (1988);

3.

Determine the accuracy values (A) for each axis of each machine. The method of calculating the accuracy value is described in the ISO 230/2 (1988) standard;

4.

Determine the average accuracy value of each axis. This average value becomes the stated “positioning accuracy” of each axis for the model (Âx, Ây...);

5.

Since Item 4A002 refers to each linear axis, there will be as many stated “positioning accuracy” values as there are linear axes;

6.

If any axis of a machine tool not controlled by Items 4A002a, 4A002b, or 4A002c has a stated “positioning accuracy” of 6 µm or better (less) for grinding machines, and 8 µm or better (less) for milling and turning machines, both according to ISO 230/2 (1988), then the builder should be required to reaffirm the accuracy level once every eighteen months.

1.

Technical Notes:

Axis nomenclature shall be in accordance with International Standard ISO 841, “Numerical Control Machines Axis and Motion Nomenclature”.

2.

Not counted in the total number of contouring rotary axes are secondary parallel contouring rotary axes the centre line of which is parallel to the primary rotary axis.

3.

Rotary axes do not necessarily have to rotate over 360 degrees. A rotary axis can be driven by a linear device, e.g., a screw or a rack and-pinion.

4A003

Dimensional inspection machines, instruments, or systems, as follows:

a.

Computer controlled or numerically controlled dimensional inspection machines having both of the following characteristics:

1.

Two or more axes; and

2.

A one-dimensional length “measurement uncertainty” equal to or better (less) than (1.25 + L/1000) µm tested with a probe of an “accuracy” of better (less) than 0.2 µm (L is the measured length in millimetres);

b.

‘Linear displacement’ measuring instruments, as follows:

1.

Non-contact type measuring systems with a “resolution” equal to or better (less) than 0.2 µm within a measuring range up to 0.2 mm;

2.

Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) systems having both of the following characteristics:

a.

 “Linearity” equal to or better (less) than 0.1% within a measuring range up to 5 mm; and

b.

Drift equal to or better (less) than 0.1% per day at a standard ambient test room temperature ± 1 K;

3.

Measuring systems having both of the following characteristics:

a.

Contain a laser; and

b.

Maintain for at least 12 hours, over a temperature range of ± 1 K around a standard temperature and a standard pressure:

1.

A “resolution” over their full scale of 0.1 µm or better; and

2.

With a “measurement uncertainty” equal to or better (less) than (0.2 + L/2000) µm (L is the measured length in millimetres);

Note: Item 4A003b3 does not control measuring interferometer systems, without closed or open loop feedback, containing a laser to measure slide movement errors of machine tools, dimensional inspection machines, or similar equipment.

Technical Note:

In Item 4A003b ‘linear displacement’ means the change of distance between the measuring probe and the measured object.

c.

Angular displacement measuring instruments having an “angular position deviation” equal to or better (less) than 0.00025°;

Note: Item 4A003c does not control optical instruments, such as autocollimators, using collimated light to detect angular displacement of a mirror.

d.

Systems for simultaneous linear-angular inspection of hemi-shells, having both of the following characteristics:

1.

“Measurement uncertainty” along any linear axis equal to or better (less) than 3.5 µm per 5 mm; and

2.

“Angular position deviation” equal to or less than 0.02°.

1.

Notes: Item 4A003 includes machine tools that can be used as measuring machines if they meet or exceed the criteria specified for the measuring machine function.

2.

Machines described in Item 4A003 are controlled if they exceed the threshold specified anywhere within their operating range.

Technical Note: All parameters of measurement values in this item represent plus/minus, i.e., not total band.

4A004

Controlled atmosphere (vacuum or inert gas) induction furnaces, and power supplies therefor, as follows:

a.

Furnaces having all of the following characteristics:

1.

Capable of operation at temperatures above 1123 K (850 °C);

2.

Induction coils 600 mm or less in diameter; and

3.

Designed for power inputs of 5 kW or more;

Note: Item 4A004a does not control furnaces designed for the processing of semiconductor wafers.

b.

Power supplies, with a specified output power of 5 kW or more, specially designed for furnaces specified in Item 4A004a.

4A005

‘Isostatic presses’, and related equipment, as follows:

a.

 ‘Isostatic presses’ as specified in 5A208;

b.

Dies, moulds, and controls specially designed for the ‘isostatic presses’ specified in Item 4A005a.

1.

Technical Notes: In Item 4A005 ´Isostatic presses’ means equipment capable of pressurizing a closed cavity through various media (gas, liquid, solid particles, etc.) to create equal pressure in all directions within the cavity upon a work piece or material.

2.

In Item 4A005 the inside chamber dimension is that of the chamber in which both the working temperature and the working  pressure are achieved and does not include fixtures. That dimension will be the smaller of either the inside diameter of the pressure chamber or the inside diameter of the insulated furnace chamber, depending on which of the two chambers is located inside the other.

4A006

Vibration test systems, equipment, and components as follows:

a.

Electrodynamic vibration test systems, having all of the following characteristics:

1.

Employing feedback or closed loop control techniques and incorporating a digital control unit;

2.

Capable of vibrating at 10 g RMS or more between 20 and 2000 Hz; and

3.

Capable of imparting forces of 50 kN or greater measured ‘bare table’;

b.

Digital control units, combined with “software” specially designed for vibration testing, with a real-time bandwidth greater than 5 kHz and being designed for a system specified in Item 4A006a;

c.

Vibration thrusters (shaker units), with or without associated amplifiers, capable of imparting a force of 50 kN or greater measured ‘bare table’, which are usable for the systems specified in Item 4A006a;

d.

Test piece support structures and electronic units designed to combine multiple shaker units into a complete shaker system capable of providing an effective combined force of 50 kN or greater, measured ‘bare table,’ which are usable for the systems specified in Item 4A006a.

Technical Note: In Item 4A006 ‘bare table’ means a flat table, or surface, with no fixtures or fittings.

4A007

Vacuum or other controlled atmosphere metallurgical melting and casting furnaces and related equipment, as follows:

a.

Arc re-melt and casting furnaces having both of the following characteristics:

1.

Consumable electrode capacities between 1000 and 20000 cm3; and

2.

Capable of operating with melting temperatures above 1973 K (1700 °C);

b.

Electron beam melting furnaces and plasma atomisation and melting furnaces, having both of the following characteristics:

1.

A power of 50 kW or greater; and

2.

Capable of operating with melting temperatures above 1473 K (1200 °C);

c.

Computer control and monitoring systems specially configured for any of the furnaces specified in Item 4A007a or 4A007b.

4A008

Crucibles made of materials resistant to liquid actinide metals, as follows:

a.

Crucibles having both of the following characteristics:

1.

A volume of between 150 cm3 (150 ml) and 8000 cm3 (8 litres); and

2.

Made of or coated with any of the following materials, having a purity of 98% or greater by weight:

a.

Calcium fluoride (CaF2);

b.

Calcium zirconate (metazirconate) (CaZrO3);

c.

Cerium sulphide (Ce2S3);

d.

Erbium oxide (erbia) (Er2O3);

e.

Hafnium oxide (hafnia) (HfO2);

f.

Magnesium oxide (MgO);

g.

Nitrided niobium-titanium-tungsten alloy (approximately 50% Nb, 30% Ti, 20% W);

h.

Yttrium oxide (yttria) (Y2O3); or

i.

Zirconium oxide (zirconia) (ZrO2);

b.

Crucibles having both of the following characteristics:

1.

A volume of between 50 cm3 (50 ml) and 2000 cm3 (2 litres); and

2.

Made of or lined with tantalum, having a purity of 99.9% or greater by weight;

c.

Crucibles having all of the following characteristics:

1.

A volume of between 50 cm3 (50 ml) and 2000 cm3 (2 litres);

2.

Made of or lined with tantalum, having a purity of 98% or greater by weight; and

3.

Coated with tantalum carbide, nitride, boride, or any combination thereof.

4A009

Platinized catalysts specially designed or prepared for promoting the hydrogen isotope exchange reaction between hydrogen and water for the recovery of tritium from heavy water or for the production of heavy water.

4A010

Composite structures in the form of tubes having both of the following characteristics:

a.

An inside diameter of between 75 and 400 mm; and

b.

Made with any of the materials specified in Item 3A116.

4A011

Frequency changers or generators having all of the following characteristics:

a.

Multiphase output capable of providing a power of 40 W or greater;

b.

Capable of operating in the frequency range between 600 and 2000 Hz;

c.

Total harmonic distortion better (less) than 10%; and

d.

Frequency control better (less) than 0.1%.

Note: Frequency changers and generators especially designed or prepared for the gas centrifuge process are controlled under Prescribed Equipment (0B Category).

Technical Note: Frequency changers in Item 4A011 are also known as converters or inverters.

4A012

Lasers, laser amplifiers and oscillators as follows:

a.

Copper vapour lasers having both of the following characteristics:

1.

Operating at wavelengths between 500 and 600 nm; and

2.

An average output power equal to or greater than 40 W;

b.

Argon ion lasers having both of the following characteristics:

1.

Operating at wavelengths between 400 and 515 nm; and

2.

An average output power greater than 40 W;

c.

Neodymium-doped (other than glass) lasers with an output wavelength between 1000 and 1100 nm having either of the following:

1.

Pulse-excited and Q-switched with a pulse duration equal to or greater than 1 ns, and having either of the following:

a.

A single-transverse mode output with an average output power greater than 40 W; or

b.

A multiple-transverse mode output with an average output power greater than 50 W; or

2.

Incorporating frequency doubling to give an output wavelength between 500 and 550 nm with an average output power of greater than 40 W;

d.

Tuneable pulsed single-mode dye laser oscillators having all of the following characteristics:

1.

Operating at wavelengths between 300 and 800 nm;

2.

An average output power greater than 1 W;

3.

A repetition rate greater than 1 kHz; and

4.

Pulse width less than 100 ns;

e.

Tuneable pulsed dye laser amplifiers and oscillators having all of the following characteristics:

1.

Operating at wavelengths between 300 and 800 nm;

2.

An average output power greater than 30 W;

3.

A repetition rate greater than 1 kHz; and

4.

Pulse width less than 100 ns;

Note: Item 4A012e does not control single mode oscillators.

f.

Alexandrite lasers having all of the following characteristics:

1.

Operating at wavelengths between 720 and 800 nm;

2.

A bandwidth of 0.005 nm or less;

3.

A repetition rate greater than 125 Hz; and

4.

An average output power greater than 30 W;

g.

Pulsed carbon dioxide lasers having all of the following characteristics:

1.

Operating at wavelengths between 9000 and 11000 nm;

2.

A repetition rate greater than 250 Hz;

3.

An average output power greater than 500 W; and

4.

Pulse width of less than 200 ns;

Note: Item 4A012g does not control the higher power (typically 1 to 5 kW) industrial CO2 lasers used in applications such as cutting and welding, as these latter lasers are either continuous wave or are pulsed with a pulse width greater than 200 ns.

h.

Pulsed excimer lasers (XeF, XeCl, KrF) having all of the following characteristics:

1.

Operating at wavelengths between 240 and 360 nm;

2.

A repetition rate greater than 250 Hz; and

3.

An average output power greater than 500 W;

i.

Para-hydrogen Raman shifters designed to operate at 16 µm output wavelength and at a repetition rate greater than 250 Hz.

4A013

Valves having all of the following characteristics:

a.

A nominal size of 5 mm or greater;

b.

Having a bellows seal; and

c.

Wholly made of or lined with aluminium, aluminium alloy, nickel, or nickel alloy containing more than 60% nickel by weight.

Technical Note: For valves with different inlet and outlet diameter, the nominal size parameter in Item 4A013a refers to the smallest diameter.

4A014

Superconducting solenoidal electromagnets having all of the following characteristics:

a.

Capable of creating magnetic fields greater than 2 T;

b.

A ratio of length to inner diameter greater than 2;

c.

Inner diameter greater than 300 mm; and

d.

Magnetic field uniform to better than 1% over the central 50% of the inner volume.

Note: Item 4A014 does not control magnets specially designed for and exported as part of medical nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging systems. (“As part of” does not necessarily mean physical part in the same shipment. Separate shipments from different sources are allowed, provided the related export documents clearly specify the “as part of” relationship.)

4A015

High-power direct current power supplies having both of the following characteristics:

a.

Capable of continuously producing, over a time period of 8 hours, 100 V or greater with current output of 500 A or greater; and

b.

Current or voltage stability better than 0.1% over a time period of 8 hours.

4A016

High-voltage direct current power supplies having both of the following characteristics:

a.

Capable of continuously producing, over a time period of 8 hours, 20 kV or greater with current output of 1 A or greater; and

b.

Current or voltage stability better than 0.1% over a time period of 8 hours.

4A017

Pressure transducers capable of measuring absolute pressures at any point in the range 0 to 13 kPa and having both of the following characteristics:

a.

Pressure sensing elements made of or protected by aluminium, aluminium alloy, nickel, or nickel alloy with more than 60% nickel by weight; and

b.

Having either of the following characteristics:

1.

A full scale of less than 13 kPa and an “accuracy” of better than ± 1% of full scale; or

2.

A full scale of 13 kPa or greater and an “accuracy” of better than ± 130 Pa.

1.

Technical Notes: In Item 4A017 pressure transducers are devices that convert pressure measurements into an electrical signal.

2.

In Item 4A017 “accuracy” includes non-linearity, hysteresis and repeatability at ambient temperature.

4A018

Vacuum pumps having all of the following characteristics:

a.

Input throat size equal to or greater than 380 mm;

b.

Pumping speed equal to or greater than 15 m3/s; and

c.

Capable of producing an ultimate vacuum better than 13.3 mPa.

1.

Technical Notes: The pumping speed is determined at the measurement point with nitrogen gas or air.

2.

The ultimate vacuum is determined at the input of the pump with the input of the pump blocked off.

4A019

Electrolytic cells for fluorine production with an output capacity greater than 250 g of fluorine per hour.

4A020

Rotor fabrication or assembly equipment, rotor straightening equipment, bellows-forming mandrels and dies, as follows:

a.

Rotor assembly equipment for assembly of gas centrifuge rotor tube sections, baffles, and end caps;

Note: Item 4A020a includes precision mandrels, clamps, and shrink fit machines.

b.

Rotor straightening equipment for alignment of gas centrifuge rotor tube sections to a common axis;

Technical Note: In Item 4A020b such equipment normally consists of precision measuring probes linked to a computer that subsequently controls the action of, for example, pneumatic rams used for aligning the rotor tube sections.

c.

Bellows-forming mandrels and dies for producing single -convolution bellows.

Technical Note: The bellows referred to in Item 4A020c have all of the following characteristics:

1.

Inside diameter between 75 and 400 mm;

2.

Length equal to or greater than 12.7 mm;

3.

Single convolution depth greater than 2 mm; and

4.

Made of high-strength aluminium alloys, maraging steel, or high strength “fibrous or filamentary materials”.

4A021

Centrifugal multi-plane balancing machines, fixed or portable, horizontal or vertical, as follows:

a.

Centrifugal balancing machines designed for balancing flexible rotors having a length of 600 mm or more and having all of the following characteristics:

1.

Swing or journal diameter greater than 75 mm;

2.

Mass capability of from 0.9 to 23 kg; and

3.

Capable of balancing speed of revolution greater than 5000 rpm;

b.

Centrifugal balancing machines designed for balancing hollow cylindrical rotor components and having all of the following characteristics:

1.

Journal diameter greater than 75 mm;

2.

Mass capability of from 0.9 to 23 kg;

3.

Capable of balancing to a residual imbalance equal to or less than 0.010 kg x mm/kg per plane; and

4.

Belt drive type.

4A022

Filament winding machines and related equipment, as follows:

a.

Filament winding machines having all of the following characteristics:

1.

Having motions for positioning, wrapping, and winding fibres coordinated and programmed in two or more axes;

2.

Specially designed to fabricate composite structures or laminates from “fibrous or filamentary materials”; and

3.

Capable of winding cylindrical rotors of diameter between 75 and 400 mm, and length of 600 mm or greater.

b.

Coordinating and programming controls for the filament winding machines specified in Item 4A022a;

c.

Precision mandrels for the filament winding machines specified in Item 4A022a.

4A023

Electromagnetic isotope separators designed for, or equipped with, single or multiple ion sources capable of providing a total ion beam current of 50 mA or greater.

1.

Notes: Item 4A023 includes separators capable of enriching stable isotopes as well as those for uranium.

2.

A separator capable of separating the isotopes of lead with a one-mass unit difference is inherently capable of enriching the isotopes of uranium with a three-unit mass difference.

3.

 Item 4A023 includes separators with the ion sources and collectors both in the magnetic field and those configurations in which they are external to the field.

Technical Note: A single 50 mA ion source cannot produce more than 3 g of separated highly enriched uranium (HEU) per year from natural abundance feed.

4A024

Mass spectrometers capable of measuring ions of 230 atomic mass units or greater and having a resolution of better than 2 parts in 230, as follows, and ion sources therefor:

a.

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers (ICP/MS);

b.

Glow discharge mass spectrometers (GDMS);

c.

Thermal ionisation mass spectrometers (TIMS);

d.

Electron bombardment mass spectrometers which have a source chamber constructed from, lined with or plated with materials resistant to UF6;

e.

Molecular beam mass spectrometers having either of the following characteristics:

1.

A source chamber constructed from, lined with or plated with stainless steel or molybdenum, and equipped with a cold trap capable of cooling to 193 K (-80 °C) or less; or

2.

A source chamber constructed from, lined with or plated with materials resistant to UF6;

f.

Mass spectrometers equipped with a micro-fluorination ion source designed for actinides or actinide fluorides.

Note: Mass spectrometers especially designed or prepared for analyzing on-line samples of uranium hexafluoride are controlled under Prescribed Equipment (0B Category).

4A025

Specialized packings which may be used in separating heavy water from ordinary water, having both of the following characteristics:

a.

Made of phosphor bronze mesh chemically treated to improve wettability; and

b.

Designed to be used in vacuum distillation towers.

4A026

Pumps capable of circulating solutions of concentrated or dilute potassium amide catalyst in liquid ammonia (KNH2/NH3), having all of the following characteristics:

a.

Airtight (i.e., hermetically sealed);

b.

A capacity greater than 8.5 m3/h; and

c.

Either of the following characteristics:

1.

For concentrated potassium amide solutions (1% or greater), an operating pressure of 1.5 to 60 MPa; or

2.

For dilute potassium amide solutions (less than 1%), an operating pressure of 20 to 60 MPa.

4A027

Turbo-expanders or turbo-expander-compressor sets having both of the following characteristics:

a.

Designed for operation with an outlet temperature of 35 K (- 238 ºC) or less; and

b.

Designed for a throughput of hydrogen gas of 1000 kg/h or greater.

4A028

Water-hydrogen sulphide exchange tray columns and internal contactors, as follows:

a.

Water-hydrogen sulphide exchange tray columns, having all of the following characteristics:

1.

Can operate at pressures of 2 MPa or greater;

2.

Constructed of carbon steel having an austenitic ASTM (or equivalent standard) grain size number of 5 or greater; and

3.

With a diameter of 1.8 m or greater;

b.

Internal contactors for the water-hydrogen sulphide exchange tray columns specified in Item 4A028a.

Note: For columns which are especially designed or prepared for the production of heavy water, see Prescribed Equipment (0B002).

Technical Note: Internal contactors of the columns are segmented trays which have an effective assembled diameter of 1.8 m or greater; are designed to facilitate counter current contacting and are constructed of stainless steels with a carbon content of 0.03% or less. These may be sieve trays, valve trays, bubble cap trays or turbo grid trays.

4A029

Hydrogen-cryogenic distillation columns having all of the following characteristics:

a.

Designed for operation at internal temperatures of 35 K (-238 ºC) or less;

b.

Designed for operation at internal pressures of 0.5 to 5 MPa;

c.

Constructed of either:

1.

Stainless steel of the 300 series with low sulphur content and with an austenitic ASTM (or equivalent standard) grain size number of 5 or greater; or

2.

Equivalent materials which are both cryogenic and H2-compatible; and

d.

With internal diameters of 1 m or greater and effective lengths of 5 m or greater.

4A030

Ammonia synthesis converters or synthesis units, in which the synthesis gas (nitrogen and hydrogen) is withdrawn from an ammonia/hydrogen high-pressure exchange column and the synthesized ammonia is returned to said column.

4B

Equipment, assemblies and components, including test and measurement equipment usable in development of nuclear explosive devices

4B001

Photomultiplier tubes having both of the following characteristics:

a.

Photocathode area of greater than 20 cm2; and

b.

Anode pulse rise time of less than 1 ns.

4B002

Flash X-ray generators or pulsed electron accelerators having either of the following sets of characteristics:

a.

An accelerator peak electron energy of 500 keV or greater but less than 25 MeV; and

b.

With a figure of merit (K) of 0.25 or greater;

or

a. 

An accelerator peak electron energy of 25 MeV or greater; and

b.

A peak power greater than 50 MW.

Note: Item 4B002 does not control accelerators that are component parts of devices designed for purposes other than electron beam or X-ray radiation (electron microscopy, for example) nor those designed for medical purposes.

1.

Technical Notes: The figure of merit K is defined as: K=1.7 x 103 V2.65Q. V is the peak electron energy in million electron volts. If the accelerator beam pulse duration is less than or equal to 1 µs, then Q is the total accelerated charge in Coulombs. If the accelerator beam pulse duration is greater than 1 µs, then Q is the maximum accelerated charge in 1 µs. Q equals the integral of i with respect to t, over the lesser of 1 µs or the time duration of the beam pulse ( Q=∫idt ) where i is beam current in amperes and t is the time in seconds.

2.

Peak power = (peak potential in volts) x (peak beam current in amperes).

3.

In machines based on microwave accelerating cavities, the time duration of the beam pulse is the lesser of 1 µs or the duration of the bunched beam packet resulting from one microwave modulator pulse.

4.

In machines based on microwave accelerating cavities, the peak beam current is the average current in the time duration of a bunched beam packet.

4B003

Multistage light gas guns or other high-velocity gun systems (coil, electromagnetic, and electrothermal types, and other advanced systems) capable of accelerating projectiles to 2 km/s or greater.

4B004

Mechanical rotating mirror cameras, as follows, and specially designed components therefor:

a.

Framing cameras with recording rates greater than 225000 frames per second;

b.

Streak cameras with writing speeds greater than 0.5 mm/µs.

Note: In Item 4B004 components of such cameras include their synchronizing electronics units and rotor assemblies consisting of turbines, mirrors, and bearings.

4B005

Electronic streak cameras, electronic framing cameras, tubes and devices, as follows:

a.

Electronic streak cameras capable of 50 ns or less time resolution;

b.

Streak tubes for cameras specified in Item 4B005a;

c.

Electronic (or electronically shuttered) framing cameras capable of 50 ns or less frame exposure time;

d.

Framing tubes and solid-state imaging devices for use with cameras specified in Item 4B005c, as follows:

1.

Proximity focused image intensifier tubes having the photocathode deposited on a transparent conductive coating to decrease photocathode sheet resistance;

2.

Gate silicon intensifier target (SIT) vidicon tubes, where a fast system allows gating the photoelectrons from the photocathode before they impinge on the SIT plate;

3.

Kerr or Pockels cell electro-optical shuttering;

4.

Other framing tubes and solid-state imaging devices having a fast image gating time of less than 50 ns specially designed for cameras specified in Item 4B005c.

4B006

Specialized instrumentation for hydrodynamic experiments, as follows:

a.

Velocity interferometers for measuring velocities exceeding 1 km/s during time intervals of less than 10 µs;

b.

Manganin gauges for pressures greater than 10 GPa;

c.

Quartz pressure transducers for pressures greater than 10 GPa.

Note: Item 4B006a includes velocity interferometers such as VISARs (Velocity interferometer systems for any reflector) and DLIs (Doppler laser interferometers).

4B007

High-speed pulse generators having both of the following characteristics:

a.

Output voltage greater than 6 V into a resistive load of less than 55 ohms; and

b.

‘Pulse transition time’ less than 500 ps.

Technical Note: In Item 4B007b ‘pulse transition time’ is defined as the time interval between 10% and 90% voltage amplitude

4B008

Detonators and multipoint initiation systems, as follows:

a.

Electrically driven explosive detonators, as follows:

1.

Exploding bridge (EB);

2.

Exploding bridge wire (EBW);

3.

Slapper;

4.

Exploding foil initiators (EFI);

b.

Arrangements using single or multiple detonators designed to nearly simultaneously initiate an explosive surface over an area greater than 5000 mm2 from a single firing signal with an initiation timing spread over the surface of less than 2.5 µs.

Note: Item 4B008 does not control detonators using only primary explosives, such as lead azide.

Technical Note: In Item 4B008 the detonators of concern all utilize a small electrical conductor (bridge, bridge wire, or foil) that explosively vaporizes when a fast, high-current electrical pulse is passed through it. In nonslapper types, the exploding conductor starts a chemical detonation in a contacting high-explosive material such as PETN (pentaerythritoltetranitrate). In slapper detonators, the explosive vaporization of the electrical conductor drives a flyer or slapper across a gap, and the impact of the slapper on an explosive starts a chemical detonation. The slapper in some designs is driven by magnetic force. The term exploding foil detonator may refer to either an EB or a slapper-type detonator. Also, the word initiator is sometimes used in place of the word detonator.

4B009

Firing sets and equivalent high-current pulse generators, as follows:

a.

Explosive detonator firing sets designed to drive multiple controlled detonators specified by Item 4B008 above;

b.

Modular electrical pulse generators (pulsers) having all of the following characteristics:

1.

Designed for portable, mobile, or ruggedized-use;

2.

Enclosed in a dust-tight enclosure;

3.

Capable of delivering their energy in less than 15 µs;

4.

Having an output greater than 100 A;

5.

Having a ‘rise time’ of less than 10 µs into loads of less than 40 ohms;

6.

No dimension greater than 25.4 cm;

7.

Weight less than 25 kg ; and

8.

Specified to operate over an extended temperature range of 223 to 373 K (-50 ºC to 100 ºC) or specified as suitable for aerospace applications.

Note: Item 4B009b includes xenon flashlamp drivers.

Technical Note: In Item 4B009b5 ‘rise time’ is defined as the time interval from 10% to 90% current amplitude when driving a resistive load.

4B010

Switching devices as follows:

a.

Cold-cathode tubes, whether gas filled or not, operating similarly to a spark gap, having all of the following characteristics:

1.

Containing three or more electrodes;

2.

Anode peak voltage rating of 2.5 kV or more;

3.

Anode peak current rating of 100 A or more; and

4.

Anode delay time of 10 µs or less;

Note: Item 4B010a includes gas krytron tubes and vacuum sprytron tubes.

b.

Triggered spark-gaps having both of the following characteristics:

1.

Anode delay time of 15 µs or less; and

2.

Rated for a peak current of 500 A or more;

c.

Modules or assemblies with a fast switching function having all of the following characteristics:

1.

Anode peak voltage rating greater than 2 kV;

2.

Anode peak current rating of 500 A or more; and

3.

Turn-on time of 1 µs or less.

4B011

Pulse discharge capacitors having either of the following sets of characteristics:

a. 1.

Voltage rating greater than 1.4 kV;

2.

Energy storage greater than 10 J;

3.

Capacitance greater than 0.5 µF; and

4.

Series inductance less than 50 nH; or

b. 1.

Voltage rating greater than 750 V;

2.

Capacitance greater than 0.25 µF; and

3.

Series inductance less than 10 nH.

4B012

Neutron generator systems, including tubes, having both of the following characteristics:

a.

Designed for operation without an external vacuum system; and

b.

Utilizing electrostatic acceleration to induce a tritium-deuterium nuclear reaction.

4C

Technology: Technology for the development, production or use of items in 4A and 4B.